कुनै software को प्रयोगबिना नै folder lock गर्नुस । [Windows]

के तपाई कुनै softwareको प्रयोग बिना नै folder lock गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ ? यदि त्यसो हो भने आउनुस आज मैले बिना कुनै software, folder लाइ lock गर्ने तरिका लिएर आएको छु । <br /> <br /> सर्वप्रथम Start > Run > <b>notepad  </b>टाइप गरि OK वा Enter थिच्नुस।<br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">त्यसपछि यो कोड Copy गरि Paste गर्नुस ।</span><br /> <br /> <pre style="background-color: #f4f5f7; border: 1px dashed rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 5px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 8px 5px; word-wrap: break-word;">cls @ECHO OFF title Folder Confidential if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK if NOT EXIST Confidential goto MDLOCKER :CONFIRM echo Are you sure you want to lock the folder(Y/N) set/p "cho=>" if %cho%==Y goto LOCK if %cho%==y goto LOCK if %cho%==n goto END if %cho%==N goto END echo Invalid choice. goto CONFIRM :LOCK ren Confidential "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" echo Folder locked goto End :UNLOCK echo Enter the Password to unlock folder set/p "pass=>" if NOT %pass%== <span style="color: red;">Replace this Red portion with your password</span> goto FAIL attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" Confidential echo Folder Unlocked successfully goto End :FAIL echo Invalid password goto end :MDLOCKER md confidential echo Confidential created successfully goto End :End</pre> <div> अब त्यसलाई<b> Key.bat</b> नाम दिएर save गर्नुस । जब तपाइले उक्त Key file मा double click गर्नुहुन्छ तब त्यहाँ confidential नामक folder आफैँ create हुन्छ । अनि लुकाउनु पर्ने file हरु उक्त confidential नामको folder मा राख्नुस।<br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1L6V6DBBTwYVM6Ta32icVXrJ1ZTnZBSIL8ZcaAd4yFBIFdsZ7Xg73zDVb-U3AFEbfZzLeF6nOEnRaK9HsMFik7D9B95Rteb3g90KEiwnMk1PE3K9rAlnJpdTMwiYe6OEasR23z-zt1E/s1600/confidential.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU1L6V6DBBTwYVM6Ta32icVXrJ1ZTnZBSIL8ZcaAd4yFBIFdsZ7Xg73zDVb-U3AFEbfZzLeF6nOEnRaK9HsMFik7D9B95Rteb3g90KEiwnMk1PE3K9rAlnJpdTMwiYe6OEasR23z-zt1E/s320/confidential.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> अब उक्त Key file लाइ पुनः Double click गर्नुस। अब त्यहाँ एउटा conformation message box आउछ अनि y लेखि enter थिच्नुस ।<br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCvMRDHedAFTiGv5hxVGiKsV9e9MNJiI4Idt9ahIhY5SEbG15Rw2ptl1DeuamqXrJ1iWChf6HpXgAJo1jcraYymrJJmAhuZSokxTnAoBAdmiRREbTo_XIsng60c7dSp2aXM-ThlPNpnQ/s1600/conformation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCvMRDHedAFTiGv5hxVGiKsV9e9MNJiI4Idt9ahIhY5SEbG15Rw2ptl1DeuamqXrJ1iWChf6HpXgAJo1jcraYymrJJmAhuZSokxTnAoBAdmiRREbTo_XIsng60c7dSp2aXM-ThlPNpnQ/s640/conformation.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> अब उक्त confidential नामक folder लुक्नेछ। र त्यो Key file मा Click गर्दा password माग्नेछ ।र password टाइप गरेर enter थिचेपछि त्यो confidential नामक folder देखा पर्छ ।<br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysJzIJ2BFLF2Q0bvmGADPVqC3x5zQYq9L_KQSmlTZU7gS_aCyis2gHFxFyagixab9L2vcY_hyphenhyphenitDnAz66T37i1hRNwhtKsVagPz-HdaGtOqatRV5AFIp6P91EpL7733IP1c3Z25VwMHU/s1600/pasword.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysJzIJ2BFLF2Q0bvmGADPVqC3x5zQYq9L_KQSmlTZU7gS_aCyis2gHFxFyagixab9L2vcY_hyphenhyphenitDnAz66T37i1hRNwhtKsVagPz-HdaGtOqatRV5AFIp6P91EpL7733IP1c3Z25VwMHU/s640/pasword.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> तर तपाइको त्यो bat file लाई जसले पनि edit गरेर तपाइको password थाहा पाउन सक्छन। थाहा नपाउन या त्यो bat file लाइ edit गर्न नसकुन भन्न चाहनु हुन्छ भने तपाइले एउटा Bat to Exe converter नामक software डाउनलोड गर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ । डाउनलोड गर्न <a href="http://download.cnet.com/Bat-To-Exe-Converter/3000-2069_4-10555897.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस ।<br /> <br /> डाउनलोड पछि install गर्नुहोस ।Convert गर्न को लागि उक्त file खोलेर त्यस पछि location दिएर compile बटन थिच्नुहोस।अब तपाइको file पूर्ण रुपमा protected हुनेछ। धन्यवाद । </div>

कुनै software को प्रयोगबिना नै folder lock गर्नुस । [Windows]

के तपाई कुनै softwareको प्रयोग बिना नै folder lock गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ ? यदि त्यसो हो भने आउनुस आज मैले बिना कुनै software, folder लाइ lock गर्न...

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अन्टार्कटिक तालमा भेटियो तिन हजार बर्ष पुरानो सुक्ष्म जीवाणु

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcG8sekn7XWcXwiLhYIoC4JmwYzW3xfIlcll01n-8nbMAYFK-VVi9e_2vCt5U-mOP9ic8mzJzWnn_cT4sgxkEsBizS7vXUhiWLs2gXKLRvj0qpV2Gp_EpkuGZsvv6djZranntbIeAkLOg/s1600/splash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcG8sekn7XWcXwiLhYIoC4JmwYzW3xfIlcll01n-8nbMAYFK-VVi9e_2vCt5U-mOP9ic8mzJzWnn_cT4sgxkEsBizS7vXUhiWLs2gXKLRvj0qpV2Gp_EpkuGZsvv6djZranntbIeAkLOg/s320/splash.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">बरफी सतहको करिब 65 फीटको गहिराइमा नासाका बैज्ञानिक,डिजर्ट रिसर्च इन्स्टिच्युट,युनिभर्सिटी अफ इलिनियस (सिकागो) लगाएत अन्य 9 </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">इन्स्टिच्युटहरु मिलेर अन्टार्टिक तालमा करिब तिन हजार बर्ष पुरानो जिवाणु पत्ता </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"> लगाएका छन </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">।</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">उक्त ताल एकदम चिसो र सुर्यको  पनि नपुग्ने ठाउँमा अबस्थित </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"> छ । तै पनि करिब तिन हज्जार बर्ष  देखि उक्त तालमा त्यो सुक्ष्म जीव जीवित रहनु आफैमा आश्चर्यको तथ्य हो।</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"> बैज्ञानिक हरुका अनुसार उक्त प्राचिन सुक्ष्म जीवको अनुसन्धान बाट पृथ्वीमा प्राचिन समयमा जिबहरुको स्थितिको बारेमा अझै थाहा  हुनेछ।</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;"><br /></span></div>

अन्टार्कटिक तालमा भेटियो तिन हजार बर्ष पुरानो सुक्ष्म जीवाणु

बरफी सतहको करिब 65 फीटको गहिराइमा नासाका बैज्ञानिक,डिजर्ट रिसर्च इन्स्टिच्युट,युनिभर्सिटी अफ इलिनियस (सिकागो) लगाएत अन्य 9  इन्स्टिच्युटह...

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बुध ग्रहमा भेटियो बरफ

<div style="text-align: justify;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXizQdi1HpdD4YqvnNGZ2Y_nL8uM42My0MB_q_tPwIIAINJOcy9JD-gLw41QF1MUQsJw3BYNLjpXykquKrO_3xCVbc-Nge9suKP-Yy5qwWemlirgJwxiPy3LawDTTALN5AzIuOtBQ8g4/s1600/708627main_PressConf20121126_full_34x3_946-710.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtXizQdi1HpdD4YqvnNGZ2Y_nL8uM42My0MB_q_tPwIIAINJOcy9JD-gLw41QF1MUQsJw3BYNLjpXykquKrO_3xCVbc-Nge9suKP-Yy5qwWemlirgJwxiPy3LawDTTALN5AzIuOtBQ8g4/s320/708627main_PressConf20121126_full_34x3_946-710.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> अमेरिकी अन्तरिक्ष  अनुसन्धान केन्द्र नासाको एक अन्तरिक्ष यानले यानले बुध ग्रहको उत्तरी ध्रुबमा प्रसस्त मात्रामा बरफ भएको पत्ता  लगाएको छ । उक्त बरफ यदी फैलने हो भने वासिङ्टन डि सि बराबरको क्षेत्रफल ओगट्ने पनि नासाले जनाएको छ ।झट्ट सम्झदा सुर्यको त्यती नजिकको बुध ग्रह्मा बरफ फेला पर्नु एक    अनौठो र आश्चर्यजनक तथ्य भएको नासाले जनाएको छ । फेला नपर्नु पर्ने ठाउँमा बरफ फेला पर्नु एकदमै आश्चर्यजनक तथ्य भएको अनुसन्धानकर्ताको ठहर छ ।उसो त बुध ग्रहको ढल्काइ लगभग ० डिग्री नै छ यानकी १ डिग्री भन्दा कम नै छ ।  त्यसैले पनि उक्त ग्रहको ध्रुबिय क्षत्रमा अबस्थितत विभिन्न स्थानहरुमा कहिल्यै पनि सुर्यको प्रकाश पर्दैन ।  बैज्ञानिकहरुका अनुसार बुध ग्रहको ध्रुबिय क्षेत्रमा सुर्यको प्रकास नपरेका  भागहरुमा नै बरफ फेला परेको हो ।  सन् १९९१ मा  Arecibo radio telescope नामक telescope ले बुध ग्रहको ध्रुबिय क्षेत्रवरपर चम्किलो प्रकासका धब्बा  देखिएको थियो । उक्त परिक्षण पश्चात नासाले बुध ग्रह तर्फ आफ्नो spacecraft  पठाएको थियो । उक्त spacecraft ले बुध ग्रहको ध्रुबियक्षेत्रका छायाँ परेका भू-भाग को तस्बिर पठायो । बृहत अनुसन्धान पश्चात बैज्ञानिक हरु उक्त भू-भागमा बरफ रहेको निश्कर्षमा पुगे ।<br /> <br /> <br /><div> बुध ग्रहको दक्षिणी र उत्तरी ध्रुबमा फेला परेको उक्त भारि परिमाणको बरफ को माथिल्लो सतह कुनै तत्वले ढाकेको छ । उक्त बरफ जमेको स्थान निकै चिसो रहेको छ । मेसेन्जर नामक नासको spacecraft ले neutron spectroscopy प्रयोग गरेर उक्त बरफमा हाइड्रोजनको concerntration मात्रा जांच गर्दा पानीको अणुमा पाइने बराबरको हाइड्रोजन परमाणु भेटिएको थियो । 'बुध ग्रहको उक्त अन्धकार क्षेत्रमा कसैले पनि यो भन्दा अघि चासो नदिएको ले पनि अहिले महत्वपूर्ण अनुसन्धानको बिषय भएको छ ।', अनुसन्धानमा संलग्न बैज्ञानिक Gregory Neumannले बताए । बरफको माथिल्लो भागलाई ढाक्ने उक्त कालो पदार्थ कुनै जैविक पदार्थद्वारा निर्माण भएको अनुसन्धानमा संलग्न  अर्का बैज्ञानिक David Paige ले बताए । बुध ग्रहमा बरफ भेटिनुले  बुध मा जीवको  अस्तित्वको बारेमा अनुसन्धान गर्नको लागि नयाँ बिषय बनेको छ । आगामी  दिनमा बैज्ञानिकहरुले बृहत अनुसन्धान गरि यस बारेमा थप जानकारी दिने पनि नासाले बताएको  छ ।   </div> </div>

बुध ग्रहमा भेटियो बरफ

अमेरिकी अन्तरिक्ष  अनुसन्धान केन्द्र नासाको एक अन्तरिक्ष यानले यानले बुध ग्रहको उत्तरी ध्रुबमा प्रसस्त मात्रामा बरफ भएको पत्ता  लगाएको ...

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चमेरोले बाटो कसरि पहिल्याँउछ ?

<br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/c/co/common_noctule/common_noctule_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/naturelibrary/images/ic/credit/640x395/c/co/common_noctule/common_noctule_1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28px;">चमेरोको आखा भए पनि यसले अन्धकारमा बाटो पहिल्याँउन भने कानको उपयोग गर्दछ</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">।</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;"> यसको सुन्ने क्षमता यति प्रबलहुन्छ कि यसले 20,000 HZ भन्दा  माथिको आवाज आफै निकाल्न र सुन्न सक्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। यस्तो आवाजलाई Ultrasonic Waves भनिन्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। जसलाई हामीले सुन्न सक्दैनौं </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। किनकि हाम्रो सुन्ने क्षमता 20 hz  20 000 hz  सम्म को  मात्रै हुन्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। यस्तो आवाज चमेरोले आकसमा अध्यारोमा उड्दाको बखतमा निकाल्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। उसले उडेकै समयमा Ultrasonic सिग्नल पठाउछ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। यदि अगाडी कुनै  बस्तु छ भने उक्त signal  फर्केर आउछ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। यसरि फर्केर आएको signal लाइ सुनेर चमेरोले अगाडी कुनै अबरोध भएको निर्धारण गर्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। यस्तो अवस्थामा चमेरो अर्को तिर फर्केर पुनः Ultrasonic सिग्नल पठाउछ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">। जतातिर बाट उसले पठाएको ultrasonic  signal फर्केर आउदैन तब अगाडी कुनै अबरोध नभएको कुरा चमेरोले निर्धारण गर्छ र त्यतै तिर उडेर जान्छ </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.8;">।</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="line-height: 1.8;"><br /></span></div>

चमेरोले बाटो कसरि पहिल्याँउछ ?

चमेरोको आखा भए पनि यसले अन्धकारमा बाटो पहिल्याँउन भने कानको उपयोग गर्दछ ।  यसको सुन्ने क्षमता यति प्रबलहुन्छ कि यसले 20,000 HZ भन्दा  माथि...

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कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 3

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkMrWRoEhJgsSpRAG6JDZMEsOahb3ANBZDxhCws3ZGGeXfbH6C6d0XvwpziBeqtAhDpAZ4sj1wAkCEtcDyg_ipCuzWUcGa1K9ez_OLY1czrpSUVxaC6cjAzfkh29Jfta5rh9e2vtzdNM/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkMrWRoEhJgsSpRAG6JDZMEsOahb3ANBZDxhCws3ZGGeXfbH6C6d0XvwpziBeqtAhDpAZ4sj1wAkCEtcDyg_ipCuzWUcGa1K9ez_OLY1czrpSUVxaC6cjAzfkh29Jfta5rh9e2vtzdNM/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Folder :</u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Folder is a container like a bag. We use Folders to store the files and sub-folders so that we can manage file/folders easily. We can create sub-folders inside any drive or folder. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Creating a New Folder :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on space area of any Drive (C:\, D:\, E;\ or Desktop Area) as you need.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Point on New and click on Folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> A small Folder icon appears<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, type the folder’s name and press the Enter Key or click on mouse pointer outside of folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Now, a new folder is created.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Copying File/folder :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can copy the selected file/folders using the Copy command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on any file/folder which you want to make the duplicate.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Copy command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Pasting File/folder :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can paste (place) the duplicated or cut file/folder using Paste command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. After copying or cutting, open any drive (C:\, D:\, E:\) and folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Right click on Space area of any drive and click on Paste command. Or, click on Edit menu and click on Paste command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Moving File/folders one drive to another :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can move file/folder using Cut command. We can cut file/folder from unimportant area and paste them to the important area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right Click on any file/folder which you want to move.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Cut command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Open another drive (location). Right click on space area and click on Paste command. Or, Click on Edit menu and click on Paste command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Renaming File/folder Name :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can change the file/folder name using the Rename command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on any file/folder you want to change the name and click on Rename command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, type the New name as you need and press the Enter key or click the mouse pointer outside of folder’s icon.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Now, your file/folder’s name is changed with a new name.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Deleting File/Folders :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can delete (remove) the unnecessary file/folders.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on file/folders which you want to remove.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Delete command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> A message box with “Are you sure you want to remove the file/folder and all of its contents”  appears.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. If you want to delete click on “Yes” button or not to delete click on “No” button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Click on “Yes” button. Now, your deleted file/folder is moved in the Recycle bin system folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Recycle Bin :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Recycle Bin is a System folder that stores all the deleted files or folders. If you want to restore from recycle Bin, you can restore. Or, if you want to delete again from recycle bin, you can delete.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Restoring file/folders from Recycle Bin :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Recycle Bin system folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Right click on any File/folder you want to restore.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, click on Restore command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Deleting File/folder from Recycle Bin :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on any file/folder and click on Delete command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Yes button to delete or click on No button not to delete.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Properties :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Properties command displays all the details about the selected file/folders. It displays type of file format, Location, size of file/folder, size of file/folder occupied in drive, created date, modified date and attributes etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on any file/folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Properties command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> It displays all the details about File/folders.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Attributes :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Attributes means to make file/folder in Hidden, Read-only or Archive condition so that your file/folder would be secured using this Attribute options.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To make Hidden File/folder :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Right click on any file/folder and click on Properties command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Hidden check box and click on OK button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Note :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> It makes your file/folder hidden condition (Attribute) that nobody could see your file/folder but also could not search this type of file/folder by the computer.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Control Panel :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Control Panel is a panel that controls all the software and hardware used in the computer. We control Mouse, Keyboard properties. We control the Networking and Internet options etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Date and Time :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This properties is used to set the Date & Time and also AM & PM format.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Click on Start button > Settings.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Control Panel.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, double click on Date and Time properties.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Set the Date, Time, AM, PM format and click on OK button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Folder Option :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We use this option to control the folders creating security option. We can hide/show the hidden file/folders. We can show/hide common task pane. We can make single or double clicking option to open file/folders using this properties.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Show/hide the hidden file/folders :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. After making file/folders in hidden condition, open control panel.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Double click on Folder properties.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Click on View Tab. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Now, under advanced setting, click on Do not show hidden file/folders radio button for not to show, or click on Show hidden file/folders radio button to show.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Now, click on Apply and OK button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To show/hide the common task Pane :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open control panel and double click on folder option icon.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on General tab and show or hide the Command task pane. And click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To open Folders window in same window or in different-different windows.<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Double click on folder option and click on general tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, define whether you want to make to open folders in same window or in its own window as your choice.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, click on Apply and OK button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To make double clicking or single clicking option to open file/folder :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Folder option and click General Tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, set double clicking option or single click option and click on Apply & Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Display Properties :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We use these properties to set the desktop appearance, screen saver, appearance and settings of screen resolution and themes etc. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Setting Themes :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Display properties and click on Themes tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, select and themes (Windows Classic or windows XP) from the list.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Setting Desktop Wall Paper :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Display properties and click on Desktop tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, under Background option, select any  wall paper (Pictures)  which are given by computer. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Or, if you want to set your picture, click on Browse button, select drive and photo and click on Open button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. At last, click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To show/hide My computer, My Documents, My Network places and Internet Explorer Icons :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Display properties and click on Desktop Tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Customized desktop button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, removed the tick Mark <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">þ</span> for not to show the given icons from the desktop area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Note :- We can also change the icon of My Computer, My Networking Places, My Documents and Recycle Bin Icon using Customized Desktop button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># To Set Screen Saver :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Click on Screen Saver Tab and choose any screen saver from given list.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Use the Settings button to change options of displaying.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Define the Waiting time and click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> After few seconds, some animation will display in the  Screen area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Setting Appearance :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can change the Icon Size, Font size & Colour, Title Bar size, Tool Tips colour, Distance between Icons, Scroll Bar size etc. using appearance option.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Display properties and click on Appearance Tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Advanced button and select any Items (Icon, Active Title bar, Tool tips, windows, Scroll Bar etc.) from the Drop down box.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Change the Size, Colour etc. and click on Apply and OK.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Settings :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We use to set the Screen resolution (quality) of graphs (Images) in pixels as width and Height. Pixel is a small dot (.) point of graphs (images). We measure the Screen Height and width in Pixels.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Display properties and click on Settings Tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, Define Screen Resolution in Pixel (800x600 pixels, 1024x768 pixels or 1152x864 pixels).<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. And click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Keyboard Properties :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We use these properties to set the character repeat rate and cursor blinking rate.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Double click on Keyboard properties icon of Control panel<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, set the character repeat rate and cursor blinking rate using the slide tools.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Mouse Properties :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> opkmkllmuhhIt customizes the Mouse options like Button configuration (Left or right button), double click speed, mouse pointer’s icon and the motion speed. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Double click on Mouse properties icon of Control Panel.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Buttons tab; if you want to change the mouse button clicking side (left to right or right to left functions) change the Switch primary and secondary buttons as you need.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. To change the double click speed, you can make speed fast or slow.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Click on Pointers Tab, if you want to change the mouse pointer’s icon.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Now, Select any mouse pointer options from the list and click on Browse button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 6. Select any icon from the list and click on Open button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 7. If you want to define the motion (Movement) speed of mouse pointer, click on Pointer Options tab.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 8. Now, define the pointer speed slide to make fast or slow and click on Apply and Ok button respectively.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Task Bar and Start Menu :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We use this properties to customize the Task Bar & Start menu. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Customizing Task Bar :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Task Bar and Start Menu properties from the Control Panel.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Task Bar tab and you can Lock or unlock the task bar.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. We can make Task Bar Auto hide also.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. We can set the Task Bar on the top of the other window.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 5. We can also make the groups of same programs icons. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 6. We can also show or hide the Quick launch. We can browse the file/folder in the quick launch by dragging and dropping to the quick launch area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 7. We can show or hide the clock and inactive icons at the right side of the Task Bar.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 8. After setting, click on Apply and Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Customizing Start menu (Browsing file/folders in Start menu) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Open Task Bar and Start Menu properties from the Control panel.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Now, click on Start menu tab and click on Classic Start menu radio button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Click on Customize – Add – Browse.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Now, Select the Drive and file/folder.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 5. Click on Ok – Next.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 6. Now, select any option (Start menu or programs or accessories etc.) from the box.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 7. Click on Next – Finish – Ok – Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># User Accounts :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This option is used to create the personal settings (User name). Personal setting is used to logon (entry) to the computer. We can also set or change the password to the personal setting and share the file/folder to the network. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can create two types of Personal settings (Username). Those are given below:<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>1. Computer Administrator Account :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The Computer Administrator account has more facilities which are given below.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Installing/Uninstalling programs.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Sharing or not sharing file/folder through the network.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Create/delete the new user accounts. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>2. Limited Account :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Limited account has no above facilities.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Cannot install/uninstall program.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Can not share file/folders.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">       </span><!--[endif]-->Can not create/delete new user accounts.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Creating a New User Account (Username / Personal settings) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Double click on User Accounts of Control panel. (You must open your computer through the Computer Administrator Account type User name.) (If you open the computer through Limited Account type user name, it has no facility to create a new user name.)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Click on Create a New User Account option.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 3. Now, type the New Account Name in Box and click on Next button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 4. Select Type of User Account (Computer Administrator or Limited Account) and click on Create Account button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Now, a new user name is created.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> You can change the User name, set/change the password, Picture etc. by using this new user name.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u># Log Off Personal Settings (User name) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> While running the computer, we are using Personal setting. If you want to close the Personal setting and open the computer using another new personal setting, you use the following steps.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 1. Click on Start button and click on Log Off.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 2. Again Click on Log Off button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> After this, a Log on Area appears.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Now, click on any user name (personal settings) to open the computer.<span style="font-size: 22pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part १ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog-post_4886.html" target="_blank">यहाँ </a>क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part २ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/part-2.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span></div> </div>

कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 3

# Folder : Folder is a container like a bag. We use Folders to store the files and sub-folders so that we can manage file/folders eas...

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कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 2

<br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog0_L3cFgJ5cOpwaaXnrwiTPO3l-QHCKLOBQorbmGE2HnLrs-7BjE7g0DaUvUNn0-1yWP90wef62SpLhHXibr65oSS7Wmdh_736dRhlw_JiBK2rQ8UBH5JQp7KctGcXZf61dUHJ4Pu9Y/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiog0_L3cFgJ5cOpwaaXnrwiTPO3l-QHCKLOBQorbmGE2HnLrs-7BjE7g0DaUvUNn0-1yWP90wef62SpLhHXibr65oSS7Wmdh_736dRhlw_JiBK2rQ8UBH5JQp7KctGcXZf61dUHJ4Pu9Y/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <b><u># Measurement Units :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 0, 1 = Bit<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 8 Bits = 1 Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1024 Mega Byte = 1 Giga Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1024 Giga Bytes = 1 Tera Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 4 Bits = 1 Nibble<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2 Nibble = 1 Byte<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Hardware & Software :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Hardware :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> All the equipment used in the computer are known as Hardware like Mouse, Keyboard, C.P.U., RAM, ROM, Motherboard, HDD, FDD, CD-ROM, LAN Card, MODEM, Printer etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u># <b>Software :</b><o:p></o:p></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Software is nothing but a simple program. Program is a set of instructions. So, software is a program developed by the programmers using the codes. It is used to perform some related pre-defined task. Now a day, various type of popular software are developed like Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Linux, Microsoft Word, Excel, Photoshop, PageMaker etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b># System Software :<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> System software is an Operating System that operates the computer. Without Operating System (O/S), we can not run the computer. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It makes an environment between user, hardware and software. Today, various types of System software are available such as Unix, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows ME, Windows 2000 Server, Windows XP, Linux, Windows Vista.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b># Application Software :<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Application software is one of the most important programs that perform some related pre-defined instruction like to design, calculate mathematical operation. Application program are run in the system software environment. Wordpad, Ms-Paint, Ms-Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Pagemaker, Access, Frontpage, Photoshop etc. are the examples of Application program.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Booting the Computer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> To boot the computer means to open the computer.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> We have two methods of booting the computer. Those are given below :<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Cold Boot :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> When the computer is switched off condition, we start the computer by pressing on switch on/off button of the C.P.U. This type of booting the computer is known as Cold Boot.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Warm Boot :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Sometimes, some equipment of computer could not give the response although the computer is running condition. At that time, we re-start the computer by pressing on re-set or restart button of the C.P.U. This type of booting the computer is called Warm Boot.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u> # Shutting Down the computer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> To close the running computer is called Shut down the computer. After using the computer, you must use systematically methods to shutdown the computer.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. First of all, close all the running programs.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Click on Start Button and click on Turn Off or Shut Down option.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. If you click on Turn Off button, you click on again on Turn Off button. And your computer will be shut down immediately. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Or, if you click on Shut Down option, Select Shut down option again from the list and click on Ok button. After this, your computer will be shut down.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Desktop Area :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> When we open the computer, an area is displayed in the screen, that is known as the Desktop Area. All of the programs run on the top of the Desktop Area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Icon :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Icon is an image that represents what type of file folder we have created. All the files have different – different uniquely icons. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># File :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> File is a collection of data. Data may be anything like image, text, line, curve, box, circle etc. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># File Name :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> File Name is an identification of file. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Extension Name :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Extension Name is the type of file. All the programs have its different – different extension name. It comes after the dot ( . ) symbol of file name. We can define the extension name up to 3 characters like doc, txt, rtf, xls, ppt, pmd, htm, psd, jpg, bmp etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Some file with extension name are given below :<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>Programs :</u></b><b>                            <u>File Name with its Extension Name :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Ms - Word                             Book.doc (txt, rtf)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Ms – Excel                             Math.xls<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Ms – PowerPoint                  Presentation.ppt<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Ms – Access                           Database.mdb<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Photoshop                              photo.psd (jpg, bmp, tif etc.)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Sound File                             Music.mp3 (mp4, cda, wav, wma)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Video File                              Film.dat (mpg, avi etc.)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># WordPad :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> WordPad program is a mini word-processing program that can create simple thesis, books, question paper etc. It can not check the spelling and grammatically errors. We use this program to know simple commands like Save, Open, New, Copy, Paste, Delete etc. which are simple but most important used in another program also.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Starting WordPad Program :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on Start Button – Programs – Accessories.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, click on WordPad.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> A window of WordPad Program will open.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># File Menu :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Save (Ctrl + S) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to save a new file and any changes we modified in already existing file. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Type some important paragraph.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Click on File menu and click on Save command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Inside Save In box, Select the Drive (C:\, D:\, E:\) by clicking.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Now, Inside the File Name box, type the new file name (Book) and click on Save button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Now, a new file is save inside the drive.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Open (Ctrl + O) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to open an already existing file. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on File menu and click on Open command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Inside the Look In box, select the Drive (C:\, D:\, E:\) where you have saved your file.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It displays the list of files and folders.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Now, select the file and click on Open button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Now, your file is opened.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Note :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> While saving a new file, we can not save two or more than two files having the same file name in same drive (location). <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> File name does not accept the wild Card characters like /, \, >, <, ? as a file name.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># New (Ctrl + N) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to create a new file.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on File menu and click on New command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, select the File Format from the list and click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Copy (Ctrl + C) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command lets you to make the duplicate of selected text or image.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. First of all, select the text or image, go on Edit menu and click on Copy command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Paste (Ctrl + V) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to keep (place) the duplicated or cut text/image.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. After Copying or cutting the text, place the cursor where you want to paste the text.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, click on Edit menu and click on Paste command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Cut (Ctrl + X) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to move the text one place to another place. That means you can cut text from unnecessary area and after this, you can paste (keep) in necessary area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Select the text first, go on Edit menu and click on Cut command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. After this, place the cursor where you want to paste and Paste the text.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Delete (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Del</st1:state></st1:place>) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command lets you to remove the unnecessary text from the document.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Select the text or image you want to delete, go on Edit menu and click on Delete command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Undo (Ctrl + Z) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to go on previous action. We use this command immediately if we get mistake.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. First of all, do some mistakes (for example Cut or Delete the text).<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Click on Edit menu and click on Undo command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Redo (Ctrl + Y) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> If you use more Undo command, you can use Redo command to repeat the action.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. After using the Undo command, go on Edit menu and click on Redo command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Select All (Ctrl + A) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> We can use this command to select entire data (text/images) of document once at a time.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on Edit menu and click on Select All command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Find (Ctrl + F) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to search the letters or words or phrases in the document area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on Edit menu and click on Find command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, Inside Find What box, type the finding word and click on Find Next button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It displays the word.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Replace (Ctrl + H) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to change a new word or phrase instead of old word or phrase.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on Edit menu and click on Replace command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, Inside Find What box, type the word or phrase you want to modify.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Inside Replace With box, type the New replacing word or phrase.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Click on Find Next button and click on Replace button if you want to replace the new word or phrase with one step-by-step respectively.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 5. Or, click on Replace All button if you want to replace all once at a time.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> After replacing, close the dialogue box. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># View Menu :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> We use this menu to show or hide the Tool Bars like Tool Bar, Format Bar, Ruler Bar and Status Bar.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on View menu and click on Tool Bar or, Format Bar or Ruler Bar or Status Bar which you want to show or hide as you need.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Options :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> We use this command to show or hide the Tool Bars. We can also fit the paragraph with Ruler size or Window size. Or, we can type the paragraph only in one line if you use No wrap condition.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Insert Menu :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Date and Time :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to insert the date and time in the document area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Place the cursor, go on Insert menu and click on Date and Time command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, select any Date and time from the list and click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Object :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to insert the objects from another program.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Place the cursor where you want to insert the objects.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Click on Insert menu and click on Object command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Click on Create New radio button; select Bitmap Image option from the list and click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Now, it displays the drawing area. You can draw any image and click the mouse pointer outside the drawing area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Format Menu :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Font :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command lets you to set the Font, Size, Style, effects and colour etc in the selected text.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. First of all, select the text, go on Format menu and click on Font command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, define any Font (Arial, Arial Black, Impact, Times New Roman, Kantipur, Preeti etc.), Size, Style (Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold and Italic), Effects (Strikeout and Underline) and colour as you need. And click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Bullet Style :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to set the bullet (Symbol) in front of the first sentence of the selected paragraph.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Select the Paragraph where you want to set the Bullet style.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, click on Format menu and click on Bullet Style command.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Paragraph :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to set the Alignment and Indentation in the selected paragraph. Alignment means to align the paragraph in center, right or left side of paragraph. Indentation means to define the gap at the right, left or first line gap in the selected paragraph.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Select the paragraph and click on Paragraph command of the Format menu.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, define the Left, Right and First line Indentation.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Define the Right, Left or center Alignment and click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Tabs :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This command is used to set the Tab movement position in the paragraph using the Tab key from the keyboard. Normally, as a default value, Tab moves the cursor in Half-half inch distance to the right in the paragraph.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Click on Tabs command of Format menu.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Now, type the value (distance in inch) and click on Set button. Again type the another value and click on Set button. It is dependent how many times you want to use the Tab key.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. After defining click on Ok button.<o:p></o:p></div> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">And you can type the text using the Tab key, which is at the left side of the Keyboard.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b>Part १ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog-post_4886.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b>Part ३ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/part-3.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span>

कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 2

# Measurement Units : 0, 1 = Bit 8 Bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte 1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte 1024 Mega Byte = 1 G...

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कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 1

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG_pVbMUeKWOYptUG7Gun4jz444N87BciH5jWqy8ivbzIEu4SKrYvwHXtx4bTwNQYXxA3AzrQa7VAGcg6PWFiQuGMuX5r_mdM-TcG0AdBFYXOz3Cu6TjgOqoYVsmPcr5N_C4p1hmmnHqI/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG_pVbMUeKWOYptUG7Gun4jz444N87BciH5jWqy8ivbzIEu4SKrYvwHXtx4bTwNQYXxA3AzrQa7VAGcg6PWFiQuGMuX5r_mdM-TcG0AdBFYXOz3Cu6TjgOqoYVsmPcr5N_C4p1hmmnHqI/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <b><u># Basic in Computer Education :</u></b><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 1. Computer Fundamental (Typing Lessons)<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 2. Windows XP<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 3. Microsoft Word 2003 <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 4. Microsoft Excel 2003 : <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 5. Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 : <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 6. Printing & Scanning<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 7. Internet / E-mail<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> 8. CD Copying & Writing.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Typing lessons (English) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Top Line :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Q    W    E    R    T        Y   U    I    O    P<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Exercise :<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Quit, we, were, you, your, tip, put, pot, top, too, to, tree, toy, wet, row, true etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Home Line :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> A   S    D    F    G           H   J    K    L    ;<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Exercise :<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> As, dad, gas, glass, all, hall, shall, ask, flag, flash, ash, jha, dahal etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Bottom Line :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Z   X   C   V   B         N    M   ,     .      /<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Exercise :<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Zoo, zebra, zero, fox, ox, cow, cat, van, beat, name, man, etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Computer Definition :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> “Computer is an electronic equipment that produces the meaningful information”<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Or,<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> “Computer is an electronic equipment that solves the problems.”<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Or,<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> “Computer is an electronic equipment that <b><u>accepts</u></b> the data and information, <b><u>processes</u></b> them for output results, and <b><u>gives</u></b> the output results.”<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> In conclusion, Computer is an electronic machine that is made by some electronic chips, circuit boards, wires and cables. It takes the data and information from the input unit such as mouse, keyboard; processes them for output results according to the set of pre-defined instruction (programs) in the formation of Binary codes (0, 1), and gives the actual output results from the output device with logically and speedy. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The word COMPUTER is derived from the Latin word COMPUTARE, which means to calculate the mathematical functions.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>#     Computer System :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Computer System is the complete set of Input Unit, processing Unit and Output unit. So, the combination of all the equipment like input unit, processing unit and output unit is called Computer System.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute; margin-left:39.6pt;margin-top:7.35pt;width:5in;height:185.15pt;z-index:251640320'/><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute; margin-left:55.8pt;margin-top:80.1pt;width:41.4pt;height:36pt;z-index:251641344'> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> Input unit</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute; margin-left:338.55pt;margin-top:80.1pt;width:50.25pt;height:36pt;z-index:251642368'> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> Output unit</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute; margin-left:127.8pt;margin-top:38pt;width:180pt;height:1in;z-index:251643392'> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> CU (Control Unit) </p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> Memory Unit</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <o:p> </o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal> <o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute; margin-left:127.2pt;margin-top:117.35pt;width:180pt;height:27.75pt;z-index:251644416' stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> Central Processing Unit</p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute; margin-left:129.6pt;margin-top:155.85pt;width:180pt;height:27.75pt;z-index:251645440' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> Computer System </p> <p class=MsoNormal> <o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:rect id="_x0000_s1032" style='position:absolute;margin-left:109.2pt; margin-top:24.15pt;width:3in;height:126pt;z-index:251646464' filled="f"/><v:line id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute;z-index:251647488' from="102.6pt,95.7pt" to="111.6pt,95.7pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><v:line id="_x0000_s1034" style='position:absolute;z-index:251648512' from="324pt,95.7pt" to="333pt,95.7pt"> <v:stroke endarrow="block"/> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> <br /> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="9" width="52"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img height="249" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034" width="482" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <br clear="all" /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>1.    Input Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The device, that is used to send the data and information to the C.P.U. is called Input Unit like Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick etc. Specially, joystick is used for playing the game to move the object right, left, up, down, forward and backward in the screen area.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The following input units are available.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>a.    Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Keyboard is an input unit like a typewriter, sends the data and information to the C.P.U. It has the keys arranged in QWERT layout. It uses more keys specially used for different purpose. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The following keys are arranged on the keyboard.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Alphabetical keys :</b> A to Z.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Numerical Keys :</b> 0 to 9.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Functional Keys :</b> F1 to F12<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Operating Keys :</b> Alt, Ctrl, Windows etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>Symbol keys :</b> %, $, #, @, >, <, / etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Different types of keyboard are available, those are given below.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Classification of keyboard on basis of connector :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1044" style='position:absolute; margin-left:366pt;margin-top:13.4pt;width:45pt;height:27pt;z-index:251658752; mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="900,540" path="m,540c120,390,240,240,360,180v120,-60,270,30,360,c810,150,855,75,900,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> <br /> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td height="17" width="487"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><img height="38" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="62" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <br clear="all" /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t19" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="19" adj="-5898240,,,21600,21600" path="wr-21600,,21600,43200,,,21600,21600nfewr-21600,,21600,43200,,,21600,21600l,21600nsxe" filled="f"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #2"/> <v:f eqn="val #3"/> <v:f eqn="val #4"/> </v:formulas> <v:path arrowok="t" o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="custom" o:connectlocs="0,0;21600,21600;0,21600"/> <v:handles> <v:h position="@2,#0" polar="@0,@1"/> <v:h position="@2,#1" polar="@0,@1"/> </v:handles> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1043" type="#_x0000_t19" style='position:absolute; margin-left:341.65pt;margin-top:5.5pt;width:26.1pt;height:34.05pt;z-index:251657728' coordsize="31494,41098" adj="-7684838,4228115,9894" path="wr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098nfewr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098l9894,21600nsxe"> <v:path o:connectlocs="0,2399;19188,41098;9894,21600"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 48px; margin-left: 455px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 36px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="48" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="36" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1041" style='position:absolute;flip:y;z-index:251655680' from="295.8pt,8.35pt" to="340.8pt,34.3pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 37px; margin-left: 393px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 62px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="37" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="62" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>i. Serial Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute; flip:y;z-index:251656704' from="310.8pt,10.5pt" to="363.6pt,40.95pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 43px; margin-left: 413px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 73px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="43" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="73" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1039" style='position:absolute;margin-left:306.6pt;margin-top:18.45pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251653632' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 5px; margin-left: 408px; margin-top: 24px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="5" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute;margin-left:301.2pt;margin-top:14.4pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251650560' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 401px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 5px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="5" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1035" style='position:absolute;margin-left:282.6pt;margin-top:8.4pt;width:36pt; height:36pt;z-index:251649536'/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 50px; margin-left: 376px; margin-top: 10px; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="50" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]-->- An old technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute; margin-left:307.7pt;margin-top:7.2pt;width:2.9pt;height:2.9pt;z-index:251654656' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 5px; margin-left: 409px; margin-top: 9px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="5" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;margin-left:310.2pt;margin-top:-.1pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251652608' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251652608;"><span style="height: 6px; left: 413px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 5px;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="5" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1037" style='position:absolute;margin-left:301.2pt;margin-top:11.9pt; width:2.9pt;height:2.9pt;z-index:251651584' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 401px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 5px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="5" /></span><!--[endif]-->- 5 pins big rounded connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate slow.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1045" style='position:absolute; margin-left:326.4pt;margin-top:22.4pt;width:66.4pt;height:42.05pt;z-index:251659776' coordorigin="8328,5580" coordsize="1328,841"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1046" style='position:absolute;left:8328;top:6055;width:366; height:366'/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1047" style='position:absolute;left:8445;top:6140;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1048" style='position:absolute;left:8385;top:6240;width:29; height:29' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1049" style='position:absolute;left:8620;top:6226;width:30; height:29' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1050" style='position:absolute;left:8548;top:6133;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1051" style='position:absolute;left:8583;top:6312;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1052" style='position:absolute;flip:y' from="8486,5786" to="8943,6049"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1053" style='position:absolute;flip:y' from="8638,6065" to="9175,6374"/> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1054" type="#_x0000_t19" style='position:absolute;left:8952; top:5757;width:265;height:346' coordsize="31494,41098" adj="-7684838,4228115,9894" path="wr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098nfewr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098l9894,21600nsxe"> <v:path o:connectlocs="0,2399;19188,41098;9894,21600"/> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1055" style='position:absolute;left:9199;top:5580; width:457;height:274;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="900,540" path="m,540c120,390,240,240,360,180v120,-60,270,30,360,c810,150,855,75,900,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:oval id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;left:8424;top:6312; width:29;height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:rect id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute;left:8508;top:6266;width:43; height:58' fillcolor="black"/> </v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 58px; margin-left: 434px; margin-top: 29px; position: absolute; width: 91px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="58" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045 _x0000_s1046 _x0000_s1047 _x0000_s1048 _x0000_s1049 _x0000_s1050 _x0000_s1051 _x0000_s1052 _x0000_s1053 _x0000_s1054 _x0000_s1055 _x0000_s1056 _x0000_s1057" width="91" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>ii. PS/2 Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - New technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - 6 pins small rounded connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast than Serial keyboard.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iii. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute; margin-left:300.6pt;margin-top:24.25pt;width:118.2pt;height:71.4pt;z-index:251660800' coordorigin="7812,8652" coordsize="2364,1428"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute;left:7812;top:9360; width:720;height:720' coordsize="720,720" path="m,l,360,720,720r,-360l,xe"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:line id="_x0000_s1060" style='position:absolute' from="7812,9540" to="8532,9900"/> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1061" style='position:absolute;left:7812;top:8820; width:1914;height:1260' coordsize="1914,1260" path="m,540l1260,r654,316l720,900r,360l1890,670r12,-342e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1062" style='position:absolute;left:9456;top:8652; width:720;height:360;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="720,360" path="m,360c45,285,90,210,180,180v90,-30,270,30,360,c630,150,675,75,720,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 98px; margin-left: 400px; margin-top: 31px; position: absolute; width: 159px; z-index: 251660800;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1060 _x0000_s1061 _x0000_s1062" width="159" /></span><!--[endif]-->- An advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - 4 pins a thin rectangle connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfers rate fast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iv. Wireless Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - An advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - No wires.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Classification of Keyboard on the basis of functions :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i. Normal Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This type of keyboard has only alphabetical, numeric, functional, operating and symbol keys. It has no extra keys arranged on the top of the Functional keys.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>ii. Multimedia Keyboard :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This type of keyboard is similar with normal keyboard but it has extra multimedia keys arranged on the top of the Functional keys. Multi media keys are used for multimedia (Internet/E-mail, Songs etc.).<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>b.    Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Mouse is also an input device that is used to send the instructions to the C.P.U. It has two or three clicking buttons on the upper side, and track ball or laser beam in the inner side. Track ball or laser beam helps to move the mouse pointer in the screen area. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Classification of Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i. Serial Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1074" style='position:absolute; margin-left:318.6pt;margin-top:5.4pt;width:54pt;height:18pt;z-index:251673088' coordsize="1080,360" path="m,360c120,285,240,210,360,180v120,-30,240,30,360,c840,150,960,75,1080,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 26px; margin-left: 424px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 74px; z-index: 251673088;"><img height="26" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1074" width="74" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1065" style='position:absolute;margin-left:252pt;margin-top:24.6pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251663872' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 32px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1065" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:polyline id="_x0000_s1064" style='position:absolute;z-index:251662848' points="246.6pt,14.4pt,300.6pt,-3.6pt,318.6pt,5.4pt,273.6pt,23.4pt,318.6pt,5.4pt,318.6pt,41.4pt,273.6pt,68.4pt" coordsize="1440,1440" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:polyline><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251662848;"><span style="height: 98px; left: 328px; position: absolute; top: -6px; width: 99px;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1064" width="99" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1063" style='position:absolute;margin-left:246.6pt;margin-top:15pt; width:27pt;height:63pt;z-index:251661824;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="540,1260" path="m,l540,180r,900l,1260,,xe"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 88px; margin-left: 328px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251661824;"><img height="88" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1063" width="38" /></span><!--[endif]-->- Old technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1072" style='position:absolute; margin-left:261.6pt;margin-top:16.1pt;width:2.9pt;height:2.9pt;z-index:251671040' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 348px; margin-top: 20px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251671040;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1072" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1070" style='position:absolute;margin-left:261.6pt;margin-top:5.3pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251668992' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 348px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1070" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1066" style='position:absolute;margin-left:252pt;margin-top:21.2pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251664896' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 27px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1067" style='position:absolute;margin-left:252pt;margin-top:43.1pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251665920' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 56px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1069" style='position:absolute;margin-left:252pt;margin-top:10.25pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251667968' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1069" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]-->- 9 pins D connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1068" style='position:absolute; margin-left:252pt;margin-top:6.85pt;width:2.9pt;height:2.9pt;z-index:251666944' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 335px; margin-top: 8px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1068" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1073" style='position:absolute;margin-left:261.6pt;margin-top:-.2pt;width:2.9pt; height:2.9pt;z-index:251672064' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251672064;"><span style="height: 6px; left: 348px; position: absolute; top: -1px; width: 6px;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="6" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:oval id="_x0000_s1071" style='position:absolute;margin-left:261.6pt;margin-top:11.2pt; width:2.9pt;height:2.9pt;z-index:251670016' fillcolor="black"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 6px; margin-left: 348px; margin-top: 14px; position: absolute; width: 6px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="6" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="6" /></span><!--[endif]-->- Has track ball.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate slow.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1075" style='position:absolute; margin-left:327.6pt;margin-top:22.9pt;width:66.4pt;height:42.05pt;z-index:251674112' coordorigin="8328,5580" coordsize="1328,841"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1076" style='position:absolute;left:8328;top:6055;width:366; height:366'/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1077" style='position:absolute;left:8445;top:6140;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;left:8385;top:6240;width:29; height:29' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1079" style='position:absolute;left:8620;top:6226;width:30; height:29' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1080" style='position:absolute;left:8548;top:6133;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1081" style='position:absolute;left:8583;top:6312;width:29; height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1082" style='position:absolute;flip:y' from="8486,5786" to="8943,6049"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1083" style='position:absolute;flip:y' from="8638,6065" to="9175,6374"/> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1084" type="#_x0000_t19" style='position:absolute;left:8952; top:5757;width:265;height:346' coordsize="31494,41098" adj="-7684838,4228115,9894" path="wr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098nfewr-11706,,31494,43200,,2399,19188,41098l9894,21600nsxe"> <v:path o:connectlocs="0,2399;19188,41098;9894,21600"/> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1085" style='position:absolute;left:9199;top:5580; width:457;height:274;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="900,540" path="m,540c120,390,240,240,360,180v120,-60,270,30,360,c810,150,855,75,900,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:oval id="_x0000_s1086" style='position:absolute;left:8424;top:6312; width:29;height:30' fillcolor="black"/> <v:rect id="_x0000_s1087" style='position:absolute;left:8508;top:6266;width:43; height:58' fillcolor="black"/> </v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 58px; margin-left: 436px; margin-top: 30px; position: absolute; width: 90px; z-index: 251674112;"><img height="58" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1075 _x0000_s1076 _x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1078 _x0000_s1079 _x0000_s1080 _x0000_s1081 _x0000_s1082 _x0000_s1083 _x0000_s1084 _x0000_s1085 _x0000_s1086 _x0000_s1087" width="90" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><u>ii. PS/2 Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - New technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - 6 pins small rounded connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Has track ball or laser beam.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast than Serial mouse.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iii. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1088" style='position:absolute; margin-left:300.6pt;margin-top:13.25pt;width:118.2pt;height:71.4pt;z-index:251675136' coordorigin="7812,8652" coordsize="2364,1428"> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1089" style='position:absolute;left:7812;top:9360; width:720;height:720' coordsize="720,720" path="m,l,360,720,720r,-360l,xe"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:line id="_x0000_s1090" style='position:absolute' from="7812,9540" to="8532,9900"/> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1091" style='position:absolute;left:7812;top:8820; width:1914;height:1260' coordsize="1914,1260" path="m,540l1260,r654,316l720,900r,360l1890,670r12,-342e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1092" style='position:absolute;left:9456;top:8652; width:720;height:360;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-vertical:absolute' coordsize="720,360" path="m,360c45,285,90,210,180,180v90,-30,270,30,360,c630,150,675,75,720,e" filled="f"> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 98px; margin-left: 400px; margin-top: 17px; position: absolute; width: 159px; z-index: 251675136;"><img height="98" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/ADMINI%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088 _x0000_s1089 _x0000_s1090 _x0000_s1091 _x0000_s1092" width="159" /></span><!--[endif]-->- Advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - 4 pins thin rectangle connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Has track ball or laser beam.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iv. Optical Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Has 6 pins or 4 pins connector.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Has only laser beam.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>v. Wireless Mouse :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Advanced technology.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - No wires.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Has laser beam.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> - Data transfer rate fast.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>2. Processing Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The device, that is used to process all the data and information for output results according to the set of pre-defined program, is called processing unit or Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.). Processing Unit is the main brain of the computer. Without C.P.U., no computer runs. It processes all the data and information in the formation of Binary codes (0, 1). Zero (0) stands for electricity off and One (1) for electricity on. There are two sectors inside the C.P.U. Those are given below.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> In this sector, Arithmetic Unit controls the Arithmetic operations like Addition, Subtraction, Division and Multiplication. And Logic Unit controls the logical operations comparing between two or more than two variables, values or expressions using “And” or “Or” etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>ii. CU (Control Unit) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> In this section, Control Unit controls all the remaining parts of the computer system like flow of data in and out, configuration of hardware etc. <b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>3. Output Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The device, that is used to display all the output results, is called Output Unit like Monitor, Printer, Speaker etc. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>a. Monitor :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Monitor is an output unit that displays all the data and information, that can be understood by the users. Today, various types of monitor are available in the market according to their brand, model, size and quality. Some monitor displays the text or images in higher quality or lower quality output that is dependent on the technology they used. The quality of display output is measured in Pixel which is a small dotted (.) point of the images. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u># Monitors Technology :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Today, various types of monitor technology are developed such as LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LED(Light Emitting Diode), Gas plasma etc.  Today desktop monitor uses CRT technology, which is more expensive because it consumes more electricity power supply and occupies more places in the room. But latest technology used in LCD monitor is so being popular than Desktop monitor using CRT technology because LCD monitor is so slim, easy to handle and saves more than 60% electricity power supply.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>b. Printer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> After creating a document, we give the command to print out the paper using the printer. The paper printed out from the printer is called hard copy and the printer is called Hard output device. Today, various type of printer are available in the market. The quality of printer is dependent on what type of technology they used on the basis of size, speed etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i. Dotmatrix Printer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Dotmatrix printer is impact printer that prints the document in the paper in the formation of dot (.) patterns striking against the inked ribbon. This type of printer prints the document in lower quality output, slowly, and gives noises. Specially, these types of printers are still used for billing in departmental store, hospital, schools, platforms etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>ii. Inkject printer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This is non-impact printer which prints the document spraying the liquid ink from the tiny nozzles of print header (Cartridge). A tiny nozzle is a small hair hole. Dozen of  tiny nozzles are on the top of print header. This type of printer prints the document in higher quality but slow, gives less noises than Dotmatrix printer. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iii. Laser Printer :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Laser Printer is also non-impact printer like a photocopier machine in technology. It prints the document using the dust ink (Toner). Specially, this type of printer is used for creating books, thesis, magazines, and large size of news paper because it gives the higher quality output than others.  <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> The speed of printer is measured in PPM (Paper Per Minute) or CPS (Characters Per Second). <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>4.    Storage Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal">        The device that is used to store the data and information for further uses, is called Storage unit like Hard disk drive, Floppy Disk Drive, CD-ROM etc.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>a.    Primary Storage Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal">        This type of storage unit is called memory unit that stores the data and information for certain time.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i.     ROM (Read Only Memory) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> This is one of the most important memory unit that contains certain programming instruction which configures hardware devices. It only reads the data and information from its memory. We can not remove the data from its memory. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>ii.    RAM (Random Access Memory) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> It holds the data and instruction for temporary. When we shut down (turn off) the computer, all of the data and instructions from RAM will be removed from its memory. So, we can say RAM is a volatile memory. When we turn on the computer again, the data and instructions (Windows operating system) once again re-loaded to the RAM, usually from hard disk drive.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>b.    Secondary Storage Unit :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> Secondary Storage unit stores the data and information for further use. When you need, you can use them (data and information) in any time. The following secondary storage unit are available.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>i.     FDD (Floppy Disk Drive) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> FDD is the most important secondary storage device that stores the data and information up to 1.44 MB of storage capacity. It runs the data and information slowly than HDD and CD-ROM.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>ii.    CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> CD-ROM is the main storage unit that stores the data and information related with programs, films, music, games software, files/documents etc. It stores the data and information up to 700 MB. It runs fast than FDD but slow than HDD.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u>iii.  HDD (Hard Disk Drive) :<o:p></o:p></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> HDD is the main mass storage device that stores the large capacity of data and information for further use. Today, different brand and type of hard disk are available in the market. Hard disk are available in 10GB, 20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 120GB, 160GB and more that 160GB of storage capacity. It runs fast than CD-ROM and Floppy Disk.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part २ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/part-2.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part ३ को लागि <a href="http://bigyan-prabidhi.blogspot.com/2012/12/part-3.html" target="_blank">यहाँ</a> क्लिक गर्नुस </b></span>

कम्प्युटर बेसिक कोर्स - Part 1

# Basic in Computer Education : 1. Computer Fundamental (Typing Lessons) 2. Windows XP 3. Microsoft Word 2003 4. Microsoft Excel...

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